COVID-19 treatment analysis for Ivermectin

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Early treatmentEarly	↓88%	31 IVM studies 11 peer reviewed Early treatment and prophylactic use show high efficacy
100% of studies report positive effects. 88% is the median improvement.
All studiesAll	↓80%
100% of studies report positive effects.

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11/29	Meta META	Early, Late, PrEP, PEP	Covid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis)		Ivermectin is effective for COVID-19: meta analysis of 21 studies
		Ivermectin is effective for COVID-19. 100% of studies report positive effects. The probability that an ineffective treatment generated results as positive as the 21 studies to date is estimated to be 1 in 2 million (p = 0.00000048). Earl..
11/29	Meta META	Early, Late, PrEP, PEP Early, Late, PrEP, PEP Source Study Page
		Covid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis)
		Ivermectin is effective for COVID-19: meta analysis of 21 studies
		Ivermectin is effective for COVID-19. 100% of studies report positive effects. The probability that an ineffective treatment generated results as positive as the 21 studies to date is estimated to be 1 in 2 million (p = 0.00000048). Early treatment is most successful, with an estimated reduction of 91% in the effect measured using a random effects meta-analysis, RR 0.09 [0.02-0.40]. 100% of the 8 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) report positive effects, with an estimated reduction of 72% in the effect measured using a random effects meta-analysis, RR 0.28 [0.13-0.59].
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11/28	Positive POSITIVE	PrEP	Bernigaud et al., Annals of Dermatology and Venereology, doi:10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.231 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓99.4%, p=0.08	Ivermectin benefit: from scabies to COVID-19, an example of serendipity
		69 residents of a French care home, median age 90, were treated with ivermectin for a scabies outbreak. 7 of 69 treated patients had probable or certain COVID-19, with no serious cases and no deaths. In comparable care homes in the same ..
11/28	Positive POSITIVE	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Bernigaud et al., Annals of Dermatology and Venereology, doi:10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.231 (Peer Reviewed)
		Ivermectin benefit: from scabies to COVID-19, an example of serendipity
		69 residents of a French care home, median age 90, were treated with ivermectin for a scabies outbreak. 7 of 69 treated patients had probable or certain COVID-19, with no serious cases and no deaths. In comparable care homes in the same district, matched by age and socio-economic level, there was 22.6% COVID-19 and 5% death. death, ↓99.4%, p=0.08 COVID-19 case, ↓55.1%, p=0.01 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/28	Positive POSITIVE	PrEP	Hellwig et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106248 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓78.0%, p<0.02	A COVID-19 Prophylaxis? Lower incidence associated with prophylactic administration of Ivermectin
		Analysis of COVID-19 cases vs. widespread prophylactic use of ivermectin for parasitic infections showing significantly lower incidence of COVID-19 cases.
11/28	Positive POSITIVE	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Hellwig et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106248 (Peer Reviewed)
		A COVID-19 Prophylaxis? Lower incidence associated with prophylactic administration of Ivermectin
		Analysis of COVID-19 cases vs. widespread prophylactic use of ivermectin for parasitic infections showing significantly lower incidence of COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 case, ↓78.0%, p<0.02, African countries COVID-19 case, ↓80.0%, p<0.001, worldwide
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11/24	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Niaee et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-109670/v1 (Preprint)	death, ↓81.8%, p=0.001	Ivermectin as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients: A randomized multi-center clinical trial
		82% lower mortality with ivermectin. RCT with 180 hospitalized patients showing reduced mortality and hospital stay with ivermectin, with a wide margin of safety. All patients received SOC including low dose HC Q.
11/24	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Niaee et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-109670/v1 (Preprint)
		Ivermectin as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients: A randomized multi-center clinical trial
		82% lower mortality with ivermectin. RCT with 180 hospitalized patients showing reduced mortality and hospital stay with ivermectin, with a wide margin of safety. All patients received SOC including low dose HC Q. death, ↓81.8%, p=0.001, All IVM vs. all control death, ↓94.3%, p=0.01, IVM single dose 200mcg/kg vs. all control death, ↓45.5%, p=0.37, IVM three dose 200mcg/kg vs. all control death, ↓94.3%, p=0.01, IVM single dose 400mcg/kg vs. all control death, ↓81.8%, p=0.06, IVM three dose 400/200/200mcg/kg vs. all control (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/22	Animal ANIMAL	Animal	de Melo et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392639 (Preprint)		Anti-COVID-19 efficacy of ivermectin in the golden hamster
		Hamster study finding significantly lower COVID-19 pathology although not finding lower viral load at the dosage used. Ivermectin dramatically reduced the Il-6/Il-10 ratio in lung tissue, which may account for the more favorable clinical ..
11/22	Animal ANIMAL	Animal study Animal study Source Study Page
		de Melo et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392639 (Preprint)
		Anti-COVID-19 efficacy of ivermectin in the golden hamster
		Hamster study finding significantly lower COVID-19 pathology although not finding lower viral load at the dosage used. Ivermectin dramatically reduced the Il-6/Il-10 ratio in lung tissue, which may account for the more favorable clinical results.
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11/18	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Budhiraja et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.20232223 (Preprint)	death, ↓99.1%, p=0.04	Clinical Profile of First 1000 COVID-19 Cases Admitted at Tertiary Care Hospitals and the Correlates of their Mortality: An Indian Experience
		Retrospective 976 hospitalized patients with 34 treated with ivermectin showing ivermectin mortality relative risk RR 0.13, p = 0.04.
11/18	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Budhiraja et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.20232223 (Preprint)
		Clinical Profile of First 1000 COVID-19 Cases Admitted at Tertiary Care Hospitals and the Correlates of their Mortality: An Indian Experience
		Retrospective 976 hospitalized patients with 34 treated with ivermectin showing ivermectin mortality relative risk RR 0.13, p = 0.04. death, ↓99.1%, p=0.04 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/17	Positive POSITIVE	PrEP	Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 (Preprint)	cases, ↓99.9%, p<0.0001	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + IotaCarrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel
		Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control.
11/17	Positive POSITIVE	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 (Preprint)
		Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + IotaCarrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel
		Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control. COVID-19 case, ↓99.9%, p<0.0001 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/14	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Spoorthi et al., IAIM, 2020, 7:10, 177-182 (Peer Reviewed)	recov. time, ↓21.1%, p=0.03	Utility of Ivermectin and Doxycycline combination for the treatment of SARSCoV-2
		100 patient prospective trial of ivermectin + doxycycline showing reduced time to symptom resolution and shorter hospital stay with treatment.
11/14	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Spoorthi et al., IAIM, 2020, 7:10, 177-182 (Peer Reviewed)
		Utility of Ivermectin and Doxycycline combination for the treatment of SARSCoV-2
		100 patient prospective trial of ivermectin + doxycycline showing reduced time to symptom resolution and shorter hospital stay with treatment. recovery time, ↓21.1%, p=0.03 hospitalization time, ↓15.5%, p=0.01
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11/13	Positive POSITIVE	PEP	Elgazzar et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-100956/v1 (Preprint)	cases, ↓80.0%, p=0.03	Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic
		RCT for prophylaxis with ivermectin showing a significant reduction in cases with treatment. Relative risk of COVID-19 case RR 0.2, p = 0.03 This paper also reports a treatment study [1].
11/13	Positive POSITIVE	Post Exposure Prophylaxis study Post Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Elgazzar et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-100956/v1 (Preprint)
		Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic
		RCT for prophylaxis with ivermectin showing a significant reduction in cases with treatment. Relative risk of COVID-19 case RR 0.2, p = 0.03 This paper also reports a treatment study [1]. [1] c19study.com/elgazzar.html COVID-19 case, ↓80.0%, p=0.03
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11/13	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Elgazzar et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-100956/v1 (Preprint)	death, ↓91.7%, p<0.0001	Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic
		RCT comparing ivermectin + SOC vs. HC Q + SOC, showing a significant reduction in mortality with ivermectin. Mortality relative risk: RR 0.11, p = 0.12 (mild/moderate cases) RR 0.1, p < 0.001 (severe cases) The HC<..
11/13	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Elgazzar et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-100956/v1 (Preprint)
		Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic
		RCT comparing ivermectin + SOC vs. HC Q + SOC, showing a significant reduction in mortality with ivermectin. Mortality relative risk: RR 0.11, p = 0.12 (mild/moderate cases) RR 0.1, p < 0.001 (severe cases) The HC Q dose is relatively low and may be too low to reach therapeutic levels. This paper also reports a prophylaxis study [1]. [1] c19study.com/elgazzarpep.html death, ↓91.7%, p<0.0001, all death, ↓88.9%, p=0.12, mild/moderate COVID-19 death, ↓90.0%, p<0.0001, severe COVID-19 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/13	Review REVIEW	Review	Kory et al., OSF Preprints, doi:10.31219/osf.io/wx3zn (Review) (Preprint)		Review of the Emerging Evidence Supporting the Use of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19
		Review recommending the use of ivermectin in both prophylaxis and treatment for COVID-19. Authors report that "the widespread use of this safe, inexpensive, and effective intervention could lead to a drastic reduction in transmission..
11/13	Review REVIEW	Review Review Source Study Page
		Kory et al., OSF Preprints, doi:10.31219/osf.io/wx3zn (Review) (Preprint)
		Review of the Emerging Evidence Supporting the Use of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19
		Review recommending the use of ivermectin in both prophylaxis and treatment for COVID-19. Authors report that "the widespread use of this safe, inexpensive, and effective intervention could lead to a drastic reduction in transmission rates as well as the morbidity and mortality in mild, moderate, and even severe disease phases."
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11/11	Negative NEGATIVE	Late	Camprubí et al., PLoS ONE, 15:11, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242184 (Peer Reviewed)	ICU, ↓33.3%, p=1.00	Lack of efficacy of standard doses of ivermectin in severe COVID-19 patients
		Tiny 26 patients retrospective study of ivermectin 200 μg/kg, median 12 days after symptoms, not showing significant differences. Authors suggest the dose is too low and recommend evaluation of higher doses. All patients received HC
11/11	Negative NEGATIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Camprubí et al., PLoS ONE, 15:11, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242184 (Peer Reviewed)
		Lack of efficacy of standard doses of ivermectin in severe COVID-19 patients
		Tiny 26 patients retrospective study of ivermectin 200 μg/kg, median 12 days after symptoms, not showing significant differences. Authors suggest the dose is too low and recommend evaluation of higher doses. All patients received HC Q which may reduce the potential benefit for adding ivermectin. ICU admission, ↓33.3%, p=1.00 no improvement, ↑33.3%, p=1.00, risk of no improvement at day 8
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11/11	Positive POSITIVE	Early	Krolewiecki et al., SSRN (Preprint)		Antiviral Effect of High-Dose Ivermectin in Adults with COVID-19: A Pilot Randomised, Controlled, Open Label, Multicentre Trial
		Viral load RCT finding a concentration dependent antiviral activity of oral high dose ivermectin at a dosing regimen that is well tolerated. There was no significant difference in viral load reduction between groups overall, but a signif..
11/11	Positive POSITIVE	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Krolewiecki et al., SSRN (Preprint)
		Antiviral Effect of High-Dose Ivermectin in Adults with COVID-19: A Pilot Randomised, Controlled, Open Label, Multicentre Trial
		Viral load RCT finding a concentration dependent antiviral activity of oral high dose ivermectin at a dosing regimen that is well tolerated. There was no significant difference in viral load reduction between groups overall, but a significant difference in reduction was found in patients with higher median plasma ivermectin levels (72% vs. 42%, p=0.004). Decay rate was significantly greater in patients with higher median plasma ivermectin levels (0.64 vs. 0.13, p = 0.011). Mean ivermectin plasma concentration levels showed a positive correlation with viral decay rate (r = 0.46, p = 0.02). 30 ivermectin patients and 15 control patients.
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11/10	Review REVIEW	Review	Turkia, M., ResearchGate (Review) (Preprint)		FLCCC Alliance MATH+ ascorbic acid and I-MASK+ ivermectin protocols for COVID-19 — a brief review
		Review suggesting ivermectin should be used based on existing data suggesting significant benefits, and that waiting for additional data may result in significant harm.
11/10	Review REVIEW	Review Review Source Study Page
		Turkia, M., ResearchGate (Review) (Preprint)
		FLCCC Alliance MATH+ ascorbic acid and I-MASK+ ivermectin protocols for COVID-19 — a brief review
		Review suggesting ivermectin should be used based on existing data suggesting significant benefits, and that waiting for additional data may result in significant harm.
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11/4	Positive POSITIVE	Early	Cadegiani et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.20223883 (Preprint)	death, ↓78.3%, p=0.50	Early COVID-19 Therapy with Azithromycin Plus Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin or Hydroxych loroquine in Outpatient Settings Significantly Reduced Symptoms Compared to Known Outcomes in Untreated Patients
		Comparison of HC Q, nitazoxanide, and ivermectin showing similar effectiveness for overall clinical outcomes in COVID-19 when used before seven days of symptoms, and overwhelmingly superior compared to the untreated ..
11/4	Positive POSITIVE	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Cadegiani et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.20223883 (Preprint)
		Early COVID-19 Therapy with Azithromycin Plus Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin or Hydroxych loroquine in Outpatient Settings Significantly Reduced Symptoms Compared to Known Outcomes in Untreated Patients
		Comparison of HC Q, nitazoxanide, and ivermectin showing similar effectiveness for overall clinical outcomes in COVID-19 when used before seven days of symptoms, and overwhelmingly superior compared to the untreated COVID-19 population, even for those outcomes not influenced by placebo effect, at least when combined with azithromycin, and vitamin C, D and zinc in the majority of the cases. 585 patients with mean treatment delay 2.9 days. There was no hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or mortality. death, ↓78.3%, p=0.50, control group 1 ventilation, ↓94.2%, p=0.005, control group 1 hospitalization, ↓98.0%, p<0.0001, control group 1 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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11/3	Positive POSITIVE	Early, Late	Morgenstern et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.20222505 (Preprint)		The use of compassionate Ivermectin in the management of symptomatic outpatients and hospitalized patients with clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 at the Medical Center Bournigal and the Medical Center Punta Cana, Rescue Group, Dominican Republic, from may 1 to august 10, 2020
		Retrospective 3,099 patients, all receiving ivermectin. Of 2,706 outpatients, there was only 18 hospitalizations, 2 ICU admissions, and 1 death. Of 300 hospitalized patients with moderate cases, 3 died. Of 111 ICU patients, 34 died.
11/3	Positive POSITIVE	Early, Late Early, Late Source Study Page
		Morgenstern et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.20222505 (Preprint)
		The use of compassionate Ivermectin in the management of symptomatic outpatients and hospitalized patients with clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 at the Medical Center Bournigal and the Medical Center Punta Cana, Rescue Group, Dominican Republic, from may 1 to august 10, 2020
		Retrospective 3,099 patients, all receiving ivermectin. Of 2,706 outpatients, there was only 18 hospitalizations, 2 ICU admissions, and 1 death. Of 300 hospitalized patients with moderate cases, 3 died. Of 111 ICU patients, 34 died.
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11/3	Positive POSITIVE	PrEP	Behera et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.20222661v1 (Preprint)	cases, ↓49.7%, p<0.0001	Role of ivermectin in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study
		Retrospective prophylaxis study for HC Q, ivermectin, and vitamin C with 372 healthcare workers, showing lower COVID-19 incidence for all treatments, with statistical significance reached for ivermectin. HC
11/3	Positive POSITIVE	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Behera et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.20222661v1 (Preprint)
		Role of ivermectin in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study
		Retrospective prophylaxis study for HC Q, ivermectin, and vitamin C with 372 healthcare workers, showing lower COVID-19 incidence for all treatments, with statistical significance reached for ivermectin. HC Q OR 0.56, p = 0.29 Ivermectin OR 0.27, p < 0.001 Vitamin C OR 0.82, p = 0.58 COVID-19 case, ↓49.7%, p<0.0001, matched pair analysis COVID-19 case, ↓53.4%, p<0.0001, model 2 2+ doses aOR (odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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11/2	Animal ANIMAL	Animal	Arévalo et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.363242 (Preprint)		Ivermectin reduces coronavirus infection in vivo: a mouse experimental model
		Mouse study showing ivermectin reducing MHV viral load and disease. MHV is a type 2 family RNA coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV2.
11/2	Animal ANIMAL	Animal study Animal study Source Study Page
		Arévalo et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.363242 (Preprint)
		Ivermectin reduces coronavirus infection in vivo: a mouse experimental model
		Mouse study showing ivermectin reducing MHV viral load and disease. MHV is a type 2 family RNA coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV2.
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10/26	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Hashim et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.20219345 (Preprint)	death, ↓66.7%, p=0.27	Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq
		RCT 70 ivermectin-doxycycline patients and 70 control patients showing reduced time to recovery and reduced mortality with treatment. The earlier ivermectin+doxycycline was administered, the higher rate of successful therapy.
10/26	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Hashim et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.20219345 (Preprint)
		Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq
		RCT 70 ivermectin-doxycycline patients and 70 control patients showing reduced time to recovery and reduced mortality with treatment. The earlier ivermectin+doxycycline was administered, the higher rate of successful therapy. death, ↓66.7%, p=0.27, all patients death, ↓91.7%, p=0.03, excluding critical patients (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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10/13	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Rajter et al., Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓46.0%, p=0.04	Use of Ivermectin is Associated with Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 (ICON study)
		Retrospective 280 hospitalized patients showing lower mortality with ivermectin (13.3% vs 24.5%), propensity matched odds ratio OR 0.47 [0.22-0.99], p=0.045.
10/13	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Rajter et al., Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009 (Peer Reviewed)
		Use of Ivermectin is Associated with Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 (ICON study)
		Retrospective 280 hospitalized patients showing lower mortality with ivermectin (13.3% vs 24.5%), propensity matched odds ratio OR 0.47 [0.22-0.99], p=0.045. death, ↓46.0%, p=0.04 (odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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10/9	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Mahmud et al., Clinical Trial Results, NCT04523831 (Preprint)	death, ↓85.8%, p=0.12	Clinical Trial of Ivermectin Plus Doxycycline for the Treatment of Confirmed Covid-19 Infection
		RCT for ivermectin+doxycycline showing improvements in mortality, recovery, progression, and virological cure. There is no paper yet, results are reported on clinicaltrials.gov. 183 treatment and 180 control patients. Treatment delay is n..
10/9	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Mahmud et al., Clinical Trial Results, NCT04523831 (Preprint)
		Clinical Trial of Ivermectin Plus Doxycycline for the Treatment of Confirmed Covid-19 Infection
		RCT for ivermectin+doxycycline showing improvements in mortality, recovery, progression, and virological cure. There is no paper yet, results are reported on clinicaltrials.gov. 183 treatment and 180 control patients. Treatment delay is not specified. death, ↓85.8%, p=0.12 no recovery, ↓49.0%, p<0.004 disease progression, ↓55.0%, p<0.01 no virological cure, ↓42.0%, p<0.001 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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10/8	Theory THEORY	Theory	Francés-Monerris et al., ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12782258.v1 (Preprint) (Theory)		Has Ivermectin Virus-Directed Effects against SARS-CoV-2? Rationalizing the Action of a Potential Multitarget Antiviral Agent
		In silico study showing that ivermectin is capable of interfering in different key steps of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
10/8	Theory THEORY	Theory Theory Source Study Page
		Francés-Monerris et al., ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12782258.v1 (Preprint) (Theory)
		Has Ivermectin Virus-Directed Effects against SARS-CoV-2? Rationalizing the Action of a Potential Multitarget Antiviral Agent
		In silico study showing that ivermectin is capable of interfering in different key steps of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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9/30	Negative NEGATIVE	Late	Chachar et al., International Journal of Sciences, 9:31-35, doi:10.18483/ijSci.2378 (Peer Reviewed)	no recov., ↓10.0%, p=0.50	Effectiveness of Ivermectin in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Patients
		Small RCT with 25 ivermectin and 25 control patients, not finding a significant difference in recovery at day 7.
9/30	Negative NEGATIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Chachar et al., International Journal of Sciences, 9:31-35, doi:10.18483/ijSci.2378 (Peer Reviewed)
		Effectiveness of Ivermectin in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Patients
		Small RCT with 25 ivermectin and 25 control patients, not finding a significant difference in recovery at day 7. no recovery, ↓10.0%, p=0.50, risk of no recovery at day 7
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9/24	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Khan et al., Archivos de Bronconeumología, doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.08.007 (Letter)	death, ↓87.0%, p<0.05	Ivermectin treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19
		Retrospective 115 ivermectin patients and 133 control patients showing significantly lower death and faster viral clearance. Some potential issues can be found in [1].
9/24	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Khan et al., Archivos de Bronconeumología, doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.08.007 (Letter)
		Ivermectin treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19
		Retrospective 115 ivermectin patients and 133 control patients showing significantly lower death and faster viral clearance. Some potential issues can be found in [1]. [1] sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300289620305214 death, ↓87.0%, p<0.05 time to viral-, ↓73.3%, p<0.001
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9/22	In Vitro IN VITRO	N/A	Li et al., J. Cellular Physiology, doi:10.1002/jcp.30055 (Peer Reviewed)		Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad‐spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID‐19 treatment
		In Vitro study showing Ivermectin is a safe wide-spectrum antiviral against SARS-CoV-2, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and HIV. Authors note that the combination of ivermectin and other drugs might result in more f..
9/22	In Vitro IN VITRO	N/A N/A Source Study Page
		Li et al., J. Cellular Physiology, doi:10.1002/jcp.30055 (Peer Reviewed)
		Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad‐spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID‐19 treatment
		In Vitro study showing Ivermectin is a safe wide-spectrum antiviral against SARS-CoV-2, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and HIV. Authors note that the combination of ivermectin and other drugs might result in more favorable prognoses for patients with COVID‐19, for example ivermerctin and HC Q.
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9/15	Positive POSITIVE	Early	Carvallo et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.20191619 (Preprint)	death, ↓87.9%, p=0.05	Safety and Efficacy of the combined use of ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin and aspirin against COVID-19
		Prospective trial of ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin, and aspirin. There was one death from 167 patients for 0.59% mortality, compared to an estimated overall mortality rate in Argentina of 2.1%. For moderate to severe cases needi..
9/15	Positive POSITIVE	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Carvallo et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.20191619 (Preprint)
		Safety and Efficacy of the combined use of ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin and aspirin against COVID-19
		Prospective trial of ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin, and aspirin. There was one death from 167 patients for 0.59% mortality, compared to an estimated overall mortality rate in Argentina of 2.1%. For moderate to severe cases needing hospitalization, only 1 patient out of 32 died, authors compare to published rates of ~25%. There was 12 patients in the same hospital that were not treated with a 25% mortality rate. death, ↓87.9%, p=0.05, risk of death for hospitalized cases in study vs. cases in the same hospital not in the study
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9/15	Review REVIEW	Review	Jans et al., Cells 2020, 9:9, 2100, doi:10.3390/cells9092100 (Review) (Letter)		Ivermectin as a Broad-Spectrum Host-Directed Antiviral: The Real Deal?
		Review of ivermectin as a host-directed broad-spectrum antiviral agent for a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Cell culture experiments show robust antiviral action towards HIV-1, dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, West Nile virus, V..
9/15	Review REVIEW	Review Review Source Study Page
		Jans et al., Cells 2020, 9:9, 2100, doi:10.3390/cells9092100 (Review) (Letter)
		Ivermectin as a Broad-Spectrum Host-Directed Antiviral: The Real Deal?
		Review of ivermectin as a host-directed broad-spectrum antiviral agent for a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Cell culture experiments show robust antiviral action towards HIV-1, dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Chikungunya virus, Pseudorabies virus, adenovirus, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
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9/3	Inconc. INCONC.	Late	Podder et al., IMC J. Med. Science, 14:2, July 2020 (Peer Reviewed)	recov. time, ↓16.1%, p=0.34	Outcome of ivermectin treated mild to moderate COVID-19 cases: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled study
		Small RCT with 32 ivermectin patients and 30 control patients. The mean recovery time after enrolment in the intervention arm was 5.31 ± 2.48 days vs. 6.33 ± 4.23 days in the control arm, p > 0.05. Negative PCR results were not signific..
9/3	Inconc. INCONC.	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Podder et al., IMC J. Med. Science, 14:2, July 2020 (Peer Reviewed)
		Outcome of ivermectin treated mild to moderate COVID-19 cases: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled study
		Small RCT with 32 ivermectin patients and 30 control patients. The mean recovery time after enrolment in the intervention arm was 5.31 ± 2.48 days vs. 6.33 ± 4.23 days in the control arm, p > 0.05. Negative PCR results were not significantly different between control and intervention arms, p>0.05. We are not sure what the results were because the abstract and Table 5 have switched the results. recovery time, ↓16.1%, p=0.34, relative recovery time from enrollment
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8/28	Positive POSITIVE	PEP	Shouman et al., NCT04422561 (Preprint)	cases, ↓91.3%, p=0.001	Use of Ivermectin as a Prophylactic Option in Asymptomatic Family Close Contacts with Patients of COVID-19
		PEP trial for asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients, 203 ivermectin patients and 101 control patients. 7.4% of contacts developed COVID-19 in the ivermectin group vs. 58.4% in the control group, adjusted odds ratio OR 0.087, p ..
8/28	Positive POSITIVE	Post Exposure Prophylaxis study Post Exposure Prophylaxis study Source Study Page
		Shouman et al., NCT04422561 (Preprint)
		Use of Ivermectin as a Prophylactic Option in Asymptomatic Family Close Contacts with Patients of COVID-19
		PEP trial for asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients, 203 ivermectin patients and 101 control patients. 7.4% of contacts developed COVID-19 in the ivermectin group vs. 58.4% in the control group, adjusted odds ratio OR 0.087, p < 0.001. See also [1]. [1] trialsitenews.com/zagazig-university-randomized-controlled-ivermectin-study-results-confirms-pi-hy.. COVID-19 case, ↓91.3%, p=0.001
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8/15	Positive POSITIVE	Early	Espitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5 (Peer Reviewed)	viral+, ↓97.2%, p<0.0001	Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept study
		Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients. All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+. The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatm..
8/15	Positive POSITIVE	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Espitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5 (Peer Reviewed)
		Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept study
		Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients. All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+. The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatment group and 10 days in the control group. no virological cure, ↓97.2%, p<0.0001, risk of viral+ at day 10 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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8/14	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Bhattacharya et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.20170282 (Peer Reviewed)		Observational Study on Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome of COVID 19 in a tertiary care Centre in India- a retrospective case series
		Retrospective 148 hospitalized patients showing triple therapy with ivermectin + atorvastatin + N-acetylcysteine resulted in a 1.35% case fatality rate which was well below the national average.
8/14	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Bhattacharya et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.20170282 (Peer Reviewed)
		Observational Study on Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome of COVID 19 in a tertiary care Centre in India- a retrospective case series
		Retrospective 148 hospitalized patients showing triple therapy with ivermectin + atorvastatin + N-acetylcysteine resulted in a 1.35% case fatality rate which was well below the national average.
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7/31	Theory THEORY	Theory	Chang et al., ResearchGate (Preprint) (Theory)		COVID-19: Post-exposure prophylaxis with ivermectin in contacts. At Homes, Places of Work, Nursing Homes, Prisons, and Others
		Proposed PEP protocol based on ivermectin.
7/31	Theory THEORY	Theory Theory Source Study Page
		Chang et al., ResearchGate (Preprint) (Theory)
		COVID-19: Post-exposure prophylaxis with ivermectin in contacts. At Homes, Places of Work, Nursing Homes, Prisons, and Others
		Proposed PEP protocol based on ivermectin.
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7/31	Inconc. INCONC.	Late	Alam et al., Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons, doi:10.3329/jbcps.v38i0.47512 (Peer Reviewed)		A Case Series of 100 COVID-19 Positive Patients Treated with Combination of Ivermectin and Doxycycline
		Case study of 100 patients treated with ivermectin and doxycycline, with no ICU admission, deaths, or serious side effects reported.
7/31	Inconc. INCONC.	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Alam et al., Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons, doi:10.3329/jbcps.v38i0.47512 (Peer Reviewed)
		A Case Series of 100 COVID-19 Positive Patients Treated with Combination of Ivermectin and Doxycycline
		Case study of 100 patients treated with ivermectin and doxycycline, with no ICU admission, deaths, or serious side effects reported.
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7/31	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Rahman et al., J. Bangladesh Coll. Phys. Surg. 38, 5-9, doi:10.3329/jbcps.v38i0 (Peer Reviewed)		Comparison of Viral Clearance between Ivermectin with Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine with Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients
		Comparison of 200 patients treated with ivermectin + doxycycline and 200 treated with HC Q + AZ. The HC Q + AZ group had more severe cases at baseline. Viral clearance was faster with ivermectin..
7/31	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Rahman et al., J. Bangladesh Coll. Phys. Surg. 38, 5-9, doi:10.3329/jbcps.v38i0 (Peer Reviewed)
		Comparison of Viral Clearance between Ivermectin with Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine with Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients
		Comparison of 200 patients treated with ivermectin + doxycycline and 200 treated with HC Q + AZ. The HC Q + AZ group had more severe cases at baseline. Viral clearance was faster with ivermectin + doxycycline. Ivermectin dose is given all on one day, whereas HC Q is given over 10 days and therapeutic levels may not be reached for several days.
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7/14	Inconc. INCONC.	Early	Chowdhury et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-38896/v1 (Preprint)		A Randomized Trial of Ivermectin-Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin therapy on COVID19 patients
		Small 116 patient RCT comparing Ivermectin-Doxycycline and HC Q+AZ, not showing a significant difference in time to PCR negative or symptom resolution. Time to symptomatic recovery was 5.93 days for Ivermectin-Doxycy..
7/14	Inconc. INCONC.	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Chowdhury et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-38896/v1 (Preprint)
		A Randomized Trial of Ivermectin-Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin therapy on COVID19 patients
		Small 116 patient RCT comparing Ivermectin-Doxycycline and HC Q+AZ, not showing a significant difference in time to PCR negative or symptom resolution. Time to symptomatic recovery was 5.93 days for Ivermectin-Doxycycline vs. 6.99 days for HC Q+AZ. Given the long half-life of HC Q and the lack of a loading dose, it may take several days for HC Q to reach therapeutic levels. 10% of HC Q+AZ patients were lost to followup (2x Ivermectin-Doxycycline). There is no comparison with a control group.
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7/8	Positive POSITIVE	Late	Gorial et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.20145979 (Preprint)	death, ↓71.0%, p=1.00	Effectiveness of Ivermectin as add-on Therapy in COVID-19 Management (Pilot Trial)
		Small trial of hospitalized patients with 16 of 87 patients being treated with ivermectin showing a significantly lower mean hospital stay with ivermectin: 7.62 vs. 13.22 days, p=0.00005. 0 of 16 ivermectin patients died vs. 2 of 71 cont..
7/8	Positive POSITIVE	Late treatment study Late treatment study Source Study Page
		Gorial et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.20145979 (Preprint)
		Effectiveness of Ivermectin as add-on Therapy in COVID-19 Management (Pilot Trial)
		Small trial of hospitalized patients with 16 of 87 patients being treated with ivermectin showing a significantly lower mean hospital stay with ivermectin: 7.62 vs. 13.22 days, p=0.00005. 0 of 16 ivermectin patients died vs. 2 of 71 control patients. death, ↓71.0%, p=1.00 hospitalization time, ↓42.0%, p<0.001 (adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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6/30	In Vitro IN VITRO	N/A	Caly et al., Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787 (Peer Reviewed)		The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
		In Vitro study showing that ivermectin is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2h post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48h.
6/30	In Vitro IN VITRO	N/A N/A Source Study Page
		Caly et al., Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787 (Peer Reviewed)
		The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
		In Vitro study showing that ivermectin is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2h post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48h.
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6/19	Theory THEORY	Theory	Lehrer et al., In Vivo, 34:5, 3023-3026, doi:10.21873/invivo.12134 (Theory)		Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2
		In silico analysis showing ivermectin docking which may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane.
6/19	Theory THEORY	Theory Theory Source Study Page
		Lehrer et al., In Vivo, 34:5, 3023-3026, doi:10.21873/invivo.12134 (Theory)
		Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2
		In silico analysis showing ivermectin docking which may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane.
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6/12	Review REVIEW	Review	Heiday et al., The Journal of Antibiotics, 73, 593–602, doi:10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z (Review) (Peer Reviewed)		Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen
		Review of the antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties of ivermectin. Antiviral effects have been reported for Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Hendra, Newcastle, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, chikungunya, Semliki For..
6/12	Review REVIEW	Review Review Source Study Page
		Heiday et al., The Journal of Antibiotics, 73, 593–602, doi:10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
		Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen
		Review of the antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties of ivermectin. Antiviral effects have been reported for Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Hendra, Newcastle, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Avian influenza A, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Ivermectin plays a role in several biological mechanisms, therefore it could serve as a potential candidate in the treatment of a wide range of viruses including COVID-19 as well as other types of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. In vivo studies of animal models revealed a broad range of antiviral effects of ivermectin, however, clinical trials are necessary to appraise the potential efficacy of ivermectin in clinical setting.
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5/2	Positive POSITIVE	Early	Chang, G., Research Gate, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34689.48482/7 (Preprint)
		Peru observational case study of 7 patients treated with ivermectin, showing improvement and resolution of fever within 48 hours, and 100% recovery.
5/2	Positive POSITIVE	Early treatment study Early treatment study Source Study Page
		Chang, G., Research Gate, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34689.48482/7 (Preprint)

		Peru observational case study of 7 patients treated with ivermectin, showing improvement and resolution of fever within 48 hours, and 100% recovery.
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